Tuhinga Whakataunga o te UCMJ

Tuhinga 77 - Tumuaki

Kuputuhi . "Ko tetahi tangata e utua ana i raro i tenei pene ko wai-

(1) he mahi hara e taea e tenei upoko, he awhina, he awhina, he tohutohu, he whakahau , he whakaputa i tana mahi; ranei

(2) ka tukuna he mahi kia mahia, ki te mea ka mahia e ia he whiu mo tenei upoko; he tumuaki. "

Whakamārama

(1) Te kaupapa . E kore e tautuhia e te 77 nga tikanga he hara. Ko tana kaupapa ko te whakapuaki kei te hiahia tetahi tangata ki te mahi i nga mahi e tika ana kia waiho hei hara kia hara ai.

Ko te tangata e awhina ana, e awhina ana, e tohutohu ana, e whakahau ana, e kii ana ranei i te hara, mehemea ka mahia he mahi, mehemea he mahi tika na taua tangata, he hara he hara mo te hara he tangata nana he tika, a ka whiua kia rite ki te waa.

Ko te Waitohu 77 ka whakakore i nga wehewehenga o te ture i waenganui i te tumuaki i te tohu tuatahi ("kaitautoko"), te tumuaki i te tohu tuarua (tetahi ka awhina, ka tohutohu, ka whakahau, ka whakatenatena ranei i te whakatau i te hara me te tangata kei te waahi o te hara -e mohiotia ana ko te "kaitautoko me te kaitautoko"), me te awhina i mua i te meka (he awhina, he tohutohu, he whakahau, he whakatenatena ranei i te whakawakanga o te hara me te kore i te waahi o te hara). Ko enei katoa he "tumuaki" inaianei.

(2) Ko wai e tika ana mo te hara?

(a) Kaipara . Ko te kaikawe he tangata e mahi ana i te hara, na te ringa o te kaiwhaiwhai ranei, ma te whakapae i te hara ki te mahi i runga i te mohio, i te whaanui ranei i te waahanga, i te waahi ranei i roto i nga mahi e whakahaerea ana e te kaihauturu, i te waahi korekore ranei, i te waahana ranei e hua ai te mahi i te hara .

Hei tauira, he tangata e huna ana i nga raau taero i roto i te motuka, ka akiaki i tetahi atu tangata, kaore i te mohio, kaore he take kia mohio ai ia mo te tae atu o nga raau taero, ki te peia i te pereoo ki runga i te ope hoia, he ahakoa kaore i te waahi te motokā, te harakore ki te whakauru i nga raau taero ki te whakauru hōia.

(I runga i enei korero, kaore he hara o te kaiaera.) Waihoki, i runga i nga whakahau o te kaitohutohu, ko te hoia he patu i tetahi tangata i puta mai ki te hoia hei hoariri, engari i mohiotia e te kaitohutohu he hoa, ko te mea nui ka hara i te kohuru (engari kaore he hara o te hoia).

(b) Nga Rangatira . Mena kaore tetahi o nga kaiwhaiwhai, ka hara ki te hara i mahia e te kaihauturu, me:

Ko te tangata, kaore i te mohio ki te mahi kino, ki te mahere ranei, ka akiaki, kaore ranei i te awhina i tetahi atu i roto i te whakawakanga o te hara, kaore he hara mo te hara. Tirohia nga matua i roto i nga tauira i te paraka 1b (2) (a) i runga. I etahi wa, ka tukuna e tetahi mahi tetahi ki tetahi ope, ina he kawenga ki te mahi. Mena he tangata he mahi (hei tauira, he kaitiaki haumaru) he kawenga ki te awhina i te whakawakanga o te hara, engari kaore e awangawanga, he kaihauturu taua tangata ki te hara mehemea kaore he whaohoatanga e whakaarohia ana hei mahi awhina ranei. ki te kaitautoko.

(ii) Whakawhiti i roto i te kaupapa hara mo te hoahoa.

(i) Te awhina, te whakatenatena, te tohutohu, te whakatenatena, te tohutohu, te whakahau, te hoko ranei i tetahi atu ki te mahi, ki te awhina, ki te whakatenatena, ki te tohutohu, ki te tohutohu, ki te whakahau ranei i tetahi atu mo te mahi i te hara; a

(3) Te aroaro .

(a) Kaua e tika . Ko te noho ki te waahi o te hara kaore i tika kia whakauru tetahi ki te hara me te tika hei tumuaki. Hei tauira, ko te tangata e mohio ana ki te hiahia o taua tangata ki te kopere i tetahi atu tangata, me te whakaaro kia puta he parekura, ka whakarato i te tangata ki te pana, ka hara ki te riri i te wa o te hara, he ahakoa kaore i te whakaaturanga.

(b) Kāore i te rawaka . Ko te whakauru ki mua i te waahi o te hara kaore tetahi o nga tumuaki kaore e hiahiatia ana kia tutuki nga whakaritenga o te waahanga 1b (2) (a) ranei (b).

(4) Nga Rangatira e rereke ana to ratou whakaaro mai i te kaipupuri . Ki te hiahia tetahi hara ki te tohu i te whakaaro motuhake me te ahuatanga o te hinengaro ano he kaupapa, me whakaatu e te taunakitanga ko te mea i kiihia he whakaaro, he whakaaro hinengaro ranei, mehemea ka kiihia te tangata i whakapaua hei kaihauturu me tetahi atu " .

Ka taea e tetahi o nga rōpū te whai i te ahua o te hinengaro nui atu iti iho ranei i te hara o te kaihara i te hara. I roto i taua keehi, ka nui pea te hara o te ope ki te hara nui atu i te mahi a te kaikawe. Hei tauira, ka mahi te matemate, ka mahi pea te kaihauturu i te wera o te riri ohorere e hua ana i te riri me te harakore ki te patu tangata, i te mea ko te hunga nei, kaore i te hiahia, ka hapai i te kaipupuri i te patu, ka akiaki i te kaipupuri ki te patu i te ka mate, ka hara ki te kohuru. I tetahi atu ringa, ki te awhina te roopu i tetahi kaiwhaiwhai i runga i tetahi tangata, ka mohiotia ana ko te kaikawe, ko tetahi kaitohutohu, ka hara te ope i te riri, i te mea ka hara te kaikawe ki te patu i tetahi kaitohutohu.

(5) Te kawenga mo etahi atu hara . Ka ahei te tumuaki ki te whakawakia mo nga hara i mahia e tetahi atu tumuaki mehemea ka puta pea enei hara hei hua mo te mahi kino me te hoahoa. Hei tauira, ko te tangata whakapae kei te taha ki te taha o te tahae, he hara hei tumuaki, ehara i te hara o te tahae, engari mehemea ka mate te kaipupuri i te tangata e noho ana i roto i te tukinga, o te kohuru. (Tirohia hoki te waahanga 5 mo te waahi mo nga hara i mahia e nga kaitohutohu.)

(6) Ko nga tumuaki ka tuturu noa . Ka taea e tetahi te tino tumuaki, ahakoa kaore i te tautuhia, ka whakawakia ranei te kaihauturu, ka whakatikaia ranei.

(7) Te tango . Ka ahei te tangata ki te wehe atu i tetahi mahi noa, hoahoa ranei, ka karo i te nama mo nga hara i mahia i muri i te tangohanga. Hei whai hua, me whakatutuki te tangohanga i nga whakaritenga e whai ake nei:

(a) Me tupu i mua i te waahanga o te hara;

(b) Ko te awhina, te whakatenatena, te tohutohu, te whakatikatika, te tohutohu, te whakahau, te hokohoko ranei i whakawhiwhia e te tangata, me tino whakawakia, ka whakatupuria ranei; a

(c) Me tino whakawhiti atu te tangohanga ki nga kaiwhakatuma-a-ringa, ki nga mana whakahaere ture tika ranei i te wa mo nga kaiwhaiwhai ki te whakarereke i te mahere, ki te mana whakahaere ture ranei, hei aukati i te hara.

Kei runga ake i nga korero mai i te Pukapuka mo te Whakatau Kooti, ​​2002, Chapter 4, Parawae 1